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食用嬰兒奶粉1段的寶寶，碘攝入量對寶寶有何影響？

出處：@搞笑小堂主日期：2024-07-13 10:41:47編輯：網絡收集

撰文|湯伯健康膳食研究院KK

碘（Iodine）向來有“智力元素”之稱，碘缺乏對人類最大的危害是造成智力損害，甚至智力殘疾，孕婦缺碘可導致流產、早產、死產、先天畸形兒且嚴重影響胎兒大腦的正常發育。因此，婦女、嬰幼兒、兒童是缺碘的主要受害者。因此，碘在我國嬰兒配方奶粉中屬于必須添加的營養素之一，今天我們就來聊一聊碘這個如此重要的微量元素吧。

19世紀初，法國科學家Coourtois在一個機緣巧合下，從海藻灰中首次發現了碘，到了19世紀末，人們又發現甲狀腺具有聚集碘的能力，并且從甲狀腺中分離出了碘，之后便陸續展開了一系列關于碘與甲狀腺功能關系的研究。

碘是合成甲狀腺激素的必須條件，迄今為止，科學家已經發現的碘的生理功能都是通過甲狀腺激素完成的。

1．促進生長發育

研究表明，甲狀腺激素能促進DNA及蛋白質合成，促進維生素的吸收利用，并且參與兒童生長發育期的身高、體重、肌肉、骨骼的增長和性發育。但這一功能僅在發育期起作用。若在此時期碘缺乏，可能導致兒童生長發育受阻，侏儒癥的一個最主要的病因就是缺碘。

2．促進神經系統的發育

妊娠開始-出生后2歲是腦發育的關鍵時期，神經系統的發育必須依賴于甲狀腺激素的存在。此期間碘缺乏或甲狀腺激素不足將導致腦蛋白合成障礙，腦蛋白質含量減少，腦細胞體積縮小，腦重量減輕，從而直接影響到智力的發育。且就算在后期改善了碘缺乏，也只能防止缺碘對大腦的進一步損害，而不能明顯改善智力的發育。缺碘對大腦神經的損害是不可逆的，因此胎兒期媽媽的合理營養，對胎兒和媽媽都是非常重要的。

3．參與能量代謝

我們人體新陳代謝需要能量，碘能促進蛋白質、脂類、碳水化合物的分解代謝、能量轉換、加強產熱作用。若碘缺乏使甲狀腺激素分泌受限，則會引起基礎代謝率下降，反之，甲狀腺功能亢進的人，機體的能量轉換率和熱的釋放量相對提高。因此體重減輕也是甲亢最明顯的癥狀之一。

1．碘缺乏的危害和原因

圖源：中國居民膳食營養素參考攝入量

那么人體為什么會缺碘？人體的碘80%-90%來源于食物，10-20%來源于飲水，另外人體還可以通過呼吸吸收一小部分空氣中的碘。而人體缺碘主要環境缺碘所導致的，是什么原因導致了環境缺碘呢？

正常情況下，自然界中的碘是分布很廣泛的，但由于自然界中存在的碘化合物大多溶于水，因此自然界中的碘循環是隨著水循環發生的。內陸地區環境中的碘會隨著雨水的沖刷流入江、河、湖中，最終匯入大海，因此海水中的碘含量是最豐富的，而海水中的碘又會隨著水蒸氣的蒸發進入到海面上的空氣中，隨著海風吹向各個內陸地區，伴隨降雨回歸到土地中。因此在某些海風不容易吹到或者不在這個循環內的地區就容易產生環境缺碘。這些地區的土壤和空氣中碘含量很低，導致當地的植物（包括蔬菜、水果）中碘含量很低，因此又導致了食草動物體內的碘含量很低，那么以當地植物、動物為食的人類，自然也會缺碘。

2．碘過量的危害和原因

長期碘攝入量過高或一次性攝入相當高劑量的碘也會危害人體健康，導致“碘過多病”，包括高碘性甲狀腺腫、甲亢等。

上文提到海水中的碘含量是最豐富的和穩定的，因此海洋食物（不論是植物性食物還是動物性食物）含碘量很高，例如：海帶、海魚、海參等；內陸山區或不易被海風吹到的地區，動植物中含碘量不高，受到食物鏈的富集作用的影響，陸地食物含碘量：蛋奶肉類淡水魚果蔬。常見食物碘含量如下圖所示：

人體對碘的需要量很敏感，過低和過高都會對身體造成不利影響，因此中國營養學會對不同年齡人群的碘推薦攝入量（RNI值）和可耐受最高攝入量（UL值）都做出了指導。如下圖所示：

1.首先我們來看一下我國注冊1段嬰兒配方奶粉中碘的添加情況。

基于湯伯健康膳食研究院創建的國內外嬰幼兒配方奶粉數據庫，截止2020年4月，獲國家監管部門注冊的嬰幼兒配方奶粉共1302款，涉及國內外生產廠169家，其中，國產989個（含1段329個），進口313個（含1段103個）。

在這432個適合0~6月齡寶寶食用的產品中，碘的相關營養成分信息如下圖所示，可以看到，不同品牌的嬰兒配方奶粉碘添加量差異還是很大的。

2.接下來我們來看一下0-6月齡純奶粉喂養的寶寶碘攝入情況。

考慮到6月齡內寶寶很大可能只是以奶粉為食物，寶寶每天的能量需要量都由奶粉提供，因此，按以下計算方法進行評估：

①用【標準體重】乘以【中國營養學會推薦每公斤體重能量需求系數】得到【每日能量需求值】

②【每日能量需求值】除以【嬰兒配方奶粉每100克能量值】得到【不同嬰兒配方奶粉每日喂哺量】

③【嬰幼兒配方奶粉每日喂哺量】乘以【嬰兒配方奶粉每100克碘含量】得到【嬰兒每日碘攝入量】

可以看到，從0~6月齡寶寶每日攝入的碘總量看，3月齡以內寶寶碘攝入量平均值均未達到我國衛健委推薦的適宜攝入量85μg/天，3個月后不足的情況逐漸好轉，但是到5月齡是，碘攝入量最大值已經達到了246.64μg/天，這個值已經達到了乳母的碘推薦攝入量（240μg/天）。雖然我國衛健委并未提出4歲以下寶寶碘可耐受最高攝入量值，但這并不意味著4歲以下的寶寶碘攝入量是多多益善的，對此，我們只能期待我國衛健委盡快制定出4歲以下寶寶碘可耐受最高攝入量指導值，方便寶爸寶媽們參考。

本文由南昌湯伯健康膳食研究院，江西金薄金生態科技有限公司，高安典膳營養品有限公司，高安歐瑞可營養品公司提供支持。

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